This article is from the Gasoline FAQ, by Bruce Hamilton with numerous contributions by others.
It depends on the ailment. Nothing can compensate for poor tuning and wear.
If the problem is caused by deposits or combustion quality, then modern
premium quality gasolines have been shown to improve engine performance
significantly. The new generation of additive packages for gasolines include
components that will dissolve existing carbon deposits, and have been shown
to improve fuel economy, NOx emissions, and driveability [49,50,111]. While
there may be some disputes amongst the various producers about relative
merits, it is quite clear that premium quality fuels do have superior
additive packages that help to maintain engine condition [16,28,111],
 
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